An autopen is a machine that uses a real pen to replicate a person’s signature, often for bulk signing of documents when the individual cannot or does not wish to sign in person
. It has been used by U.S. presidents for decades, including Thomas Jefferson, Barack Obama, and others, and is legal under a 2005 Justice Department opinion that allows a president to authorize a subordinate to affix their signature by autopen
During his presidency, Joe Biden authorized the use of an autopen for official documents such as executive orders, pardons, and legislation, often while traveling
. Biden has consistently denied claims that he was unaware of these actions, stating that he made all decisions and that the practice was standard
Trump has long criticized Biden’s autopen use, claiming it allowed aides to act without his knowledge and even suggesting such signatures are invalid
The autopen’s use has sparked a broader debate over presidential authority. Republicans argue Biden’s heavy reliance on the device masked his declining capacity and enabled unauthorized actions This controversy matters because it goes to the heart of how modern presidencies operate and how accountability is maintained. If the practice is treated as illegitimate, even when legal precedent supports it, then every presidential action could become vulnerable to challenge. The trend could have opponents weaponizing procedural minutiae to undermine an entire administration. For future presidents (of any party), this sets a precedent where form (how a signature is affixed) may overshadow substance (what decision was made), turning routine acts into partisan battlegrounds.
The autopen controversy during Biden’s presidency didn’t emerge in a vacuum. It arose from broader concerns about his age and mental fitness—questions that plagued his presidency and ultimately contributed to his decision not to seek reelection.
From early in his term, Biden faced questions about his cognitive abilities. His public appearances sometimes featured verbal stumbles, confusion, and what critics called a lack of energy. These concerns grew throughout his presidency.
Against this backdrop, the autopen took on new significance. Republicans began scrutinizing Biden’s use of the device, particularly in two contexts: the mass clemency grants in his final months and the routine signing of bills and executive orders throughout his term.
The clemency actions were especially notable. In his final months, Biden granted pardons or commutations to over 4,000 individuals—unprecedented in scale. Given the volume, Biden’s staff used the autopen for many signatures.
